The Indian Rupee has fallen to a 14-month low as a result of the sagging Indian stock market and surging inflation. Foreign investors have withdrawn $5.7 Billion from the Indian stock market in the first half of 2008, reinforcing the 30% drop in stock prices that occurred over the same time period. Meanwhile, the nation's benchmark inflation rate has risen to the highest level in nearly 13 years, and investors are clamoring for the Royal Bank of India to do more. The RBI has already raised interest rates as well as intervening on the Rupee's behalf in forex markets, as indicated by data on the RBI's foreign exchange reserves. Both moves were explicitly aimed at combating inflation, but may also carry the unavoidable consequence of stunted economic growth. The Rupee will likely continue to be caught in the slipstream. Bloomberg News reports:

"The rupee is under pressure to weaken because the losses in the stock market are raising concern about capital outflows. The currency could fall further if not for support from the central bank.''

Read More: India's Rupee Falls to Near 14-Month Low on Stock Market Losses

At its most recent meeting, the Fed voted to hold rates steady at 2%. Only one week ago, 90% of investors (based on interest rate futures) had expected the Fed to lower rates.  What changed? In the words of one columnist, Randall Forsyth, the Fed opted to take a "fork in the road," upon reaching the conclusion that price stability is now just as important as economic growth. Forsyth would be pleased with the Fed's decision, having argued that the institution is largely responsible for the inflation that it is currently trying to rein in. The record low interest rates following the burst of the dot-com bubble, not helped by the recent loosening of monetary policy, have created a surplus of liquidity. The Fed was abetted by the Central Banks of emerging markets, who by linking their respective currencies to the Dollar have stoked the fires of domestic inflation. In trying to reverse the "liquidity pump" the Fed may likewise be aided by these same Central Banks. Tumbling prices for "economically sensitive" commodities serve as evidence of their respective efforts to clamp down on inflation. Barron's reports:

"As the liquidity fuelled food and energy price bubbles burst, who will believe when headline inflation collapses? It really could happen. Poof!"

Read More: Will The FOMC Take The Fork In The Road?

The Carry Trade is one of the simplest strategies in forex, and if executed correctly, can also be one of the most profitable. The basic mechanics of a carry trade involve borrowing in one currency that offers a low interest rate, and selling it in favor of a higher-yielding currency, in order to capture the interest rate spread. This strategy carries two key risks. The first risk is that the "long" currency will depreciate. This also includes country risk, the possibility that political or macroeconomic instability will adversely affect the long currency. Then, there is the risk that the interest rate differential will change such that the spread shrinks, and a smaller carry is earned. For a while, the most popular funding currency was the Japanese Yen, with its negative real interest rates. Now, however, the Dollar has become a popular funding currency, due to low interest rates and a self-fulfilling belief that it will continue to depreciate. It should be noted that there are variations to the carry trade, which may involve combinations of currencies and hedging. SeekingAlpha reports:

Another way of protecting against the downside is to write covered calls.  Depending on the size of your investment and your risk preferences, either short selling or writing a covered call will let you sleep better.

Read More: The Burden of the Carry Trade

The looming possibility of forex intervention in response to the Dollar's continued weakness is causing an uproar in forex circles. Some analysts don't feel intervention is a real possibility because it is so inconsistent with the ideology espoused by the current US presidential administration. In a piece published in the AsiaTimes, however, one expert noted that the history of the Dollar is also a history of intervention. Even when the Dollar was still linked to the Gold Standard, the Fed intervened by buying or selling gold depending on the result it wanted to achieve. Preceding the stock market crash of 1987, by which point the Dollar was already freely floating, the Fed acted in concert with foreign Central Banks to drive down the value of the Dollar in order to stem a burgeoning trade imbalance. Then, there was the bailout of the Mexican Peso in 1994 which set a precedent for intervention on behalf of the currencies of developing countries. The current situation is somewhat dicey because the Fed is technically obliged to back up the Treasury's Strong Dollar Policy, but it must balance  this with its other objectives of economic growth and price stability.

Read More: The Fed and the strong dollar policy

Forex analysts reckon the two most powerful forces weighing on the Dollar are commodity prices and European prices, so-to-speak. With regard to commodity prices, it seems plausible that rising commodity prices have contributed to a weaker Dollar, as much as vice versa. Thus, when Saudi Arabia announced recently that it would increase oil production, the Dollar received a nice boost. Conversely, European prices, or inflation, are important for traders to monitor because they represent a proxy for the future of EU monetary policy. Specifically, Eurozone inflation just touched another high, at 3.7%, which analysts point out is now 1.7% higher than the ECB's stated comfort zone. The likely result is an interest hike in the near-term, which would further widen the differential with US interest rates. Unless, of course, the Fed follows suit with a rate hike if its own. Forbes reports:

"High oil and food prices are already clearly denting any hopes for a pick-up of private consumption but only a severe deterioration of economic confidence indicators might prevent the ECB from pulling the rate trigger at the next rate-setting meeting."

Read More: Euro climbs as inflation figures cement rate hike expectations

At the recent Reuters Investment Outlook Summit, forex was a popular topic of discussion among the investment strategists in attendance. Specifically, many of the participants were bullish about emerging market currencies. This is somewhat ironic, since these currencies have marked one of the few bright spots for the Dollar, which has benefited from a recent trend towards risk aversion as a result of the credit crisis. In addition, the Fed is certainly finished with its current cycle of lowering rates, and may in fact hike rates as early as this year. However, the experts insist that this will be offset by corresponding rate hikes in emerging markets, which are beginning to come to terms with surging inflation. The currencies of Brazil and Malaysia were singled out because they both benefit from rising commodity prices. In addition, all of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and Mexico, continue to be favored by currency investors. Reuters reports:

A decade of fiscal discipline, political stability and export diversification is also likely to help the Mexican peso in the near term, said...a managing director for foreign exchange products at BMO Capital Markets.

Read More: Emerging markets forex rally still has legs

G8 finance ministers met last week to discuss the detrimental effects of rising (commodity) prices on the global economy. Oil prices and commodity prices have in some cases doubled over the last year, contributing  to a nasty surge in worldwide inflation rates. While the Dollar was not technically a topic of the discussion at these particular meetings, it was broached tangentially because of the perceived relationship between the weak Dollar and high commodity prices. Accordingly, Central Bank intervention on the Dollar's behalf could theoretically be justified on the basis of both mitigating inflation and facilitating global macroeconomic stability. The "I" word hasn't been mentioned explicitly, but its likelihood increases with every up-tick of inflation and every down-tick of GDP. It is no surprise that in the weeks leading up the actual G8 conference, the Dollar has sustained its strongest rally against the Euro in nearly 3 years. Forbes reports:

Last week Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke flagged a change in Washington by linking the weaker dollar to inflation and saying he was watching the currency closely with the Treasury. Then U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson refused last week to rule out direct intervention in currency markets.

Read More: Oil, dollar dominate runup to G8 inflation talks

In a recent article for Seeking Alpha, financial journalist Ray Hendon offered an overview on the four principal strategies employed in the forex markets: carry trade, technical trade, fundamental trade, and arbitrage. The carry trade, which involves borrowing in a low-interest rate currency and buying a higher-yielding currency, can be undertaken by either buying ETF(s) or by trading directly using a retail forex account. The ETF route can be further subdivided into two possibilities: to buy a particular currency ETF to take advantage of the spread, or instead to buy one of two ETFs (symbols: ICI & DBV) that use computer models to mimic the carry trade.

Currency traders are probably familiar with the second and third strategies: technical trade and fundamental trade. Hendon refers to the technical trade as "momentum trade" but this is overly simplistic. Traders employing a technical strategy can make use of a range of technical indicators designed to show where a particular currency pair is headed in the short term. On the other end of the time horizon is the fundamental trade, which usually involves a long-term commitment. Fundamental trades make use of differentials between countries/currencies which can involve economic growth, inflation, interest rates, even politics, to try to determine whether a particular currency is undervalued or overvalued. 

Finally, there is the arbitrage trade, in which traders attempt to spot minute differences in currency pairs that trade in different markets. There is also the possibility of triangular arbitrage in which the respective exchange rates between 3 currency pairs aren't congruent. However, Hendon concedes that such trades have become the bastion of institutional investors which make use of sophisticated computer models to instantly identify and profit from arbitrage opportunities, which limits the average retail trader to the three strategies listed above.

Read More: Strategies for Currency Investors

In a recent article for Seeking Alpha, financial journalist Ray Hendon offered an overview on the four principal strategies employed in the forex markets: carry trade, technical trade, fundamental trade, and arbitrage. The carry trade, which involves borrowing in a low-interest rate currency and buying a higher-yielding currency, can be undertaken by either buying ETF(s) or by trading directly using a retail forex account. The ETF route can be further subdivided into two possibilities: to buy a particular currency ETF to take advantage of the spread, or instead to buy one of two ETFs (symbols: ICI & DBV) that use computer models to mimic the carry trade.

Currency traders are probably familiar with the second and third strategies: technical trade and fundamental trade. Hendon refers to the technical trade as "momentum trade" but this is overly simplistic. Traders employing a technical strategy can make use of a range of technical indicators designed to show where a particular currency pair is headed in the short term. On the other end of the time horizon is the fundamental trade, which usually involves a long-term commitment. Fundamental trades make use of differentials between countries/currencies which can involve economic growth, inflation, interest rates, even politics, to try to determine whether a particular currency is undervalued or overvalued. 

Finally, there is the arbitrage trade, in which traders attempt to spot minute differences in currency pairs that trade in different markets. There is also the possibility of triangular arbitrage in which the respective exchange rates between 3 currency pairs aren't congruent. However, Hendon concedes that such trades have become the bastion of institutional investors which make use of sophisticated computer models to instantly identify and profit from arbitrage opportunities, which limits the average retail trader to the three strategies listed above.

Read More: Strategies for Currency Investors

Over the weekend, the people of Ireland resoundingly rejected the Lisbon Treaty, throwing up roadblock in the way of the most recent attempt to solidify the bond of the EU. Surprisingly, the Euro shrugged off the news and actually rose on the first day of trading following the release of the results. This marks a sharp departure from 3 years ago, when the rejection of a comparable treaty by the people of France and The Netherlands caused a panic in forex markets as analysts sounded the knell of the EU. The explanation for the diverging reactions is that the European Political Union has been de-coupled from the European Monetary Union. In this way, many Europeans may approve of the ECB and the Euro, while remaining skeptical about the loss of national political power at the hands of the EU. According to one expert, even if the political union were to completely dissolve, it is conceivable that the Euro would continue to exist, perhaps even flourish. The New York Times reports:

Certainly, political stalemate has not tarnished the euro so far. Since the rejection of the constitution by France and the Netherlands in 2005, the currency has risen 23 percent against the dollar, becoming an attractive alternative for bond traders and central bankers.

Read More: Despite Irish Vote, the Euro Remains Strong